Ecotoxicological assessment of cigarette butts on morphology and photosynthetic potential of Azolla pinnata.

Cigarette butts (CBs) have become the most ubiquitous form of anthropogenic litter globally. CBs contain various hazardous chemicals that persist in the environment for longer period. These substances are susceptible to leaching into the environment through waterways. The recent study was aimed to evaluate the effects of disposed CBs on the growth and development of Azolla pinnata, an aquatic plant. It was found that after a span of 6 days, the root length, surface area, number of fronds, and photosynthetic efficacy of plant were considerably diminished on the exposure of CBs (concentrations 0 to 40). The exposure of CBs led to a decrease in the FM, FV/F0, and φP0, in contrast, the φD0 increased in response to CBs concentration. Moreover, ABS/CSm, TR0/CSm, and ET0/CSm displayed a negative correlation with CB-induced chemical stress. The performance indices were also decreased (p-value ≤ 0.05) at the highest concentration of CBs. LD50 and LD90 represent the lethal dose, obtained value for LD50 is 20.30 CBs and LD90 is 35.26 CBs through probit analysis. Our results demonstrate that the CBs cause irreversible damage of photosynthetic machinery in plants and also reflect the efficacy of chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis and JIP test for assessing the toxicity of CBs in plants.

Oral Streptococcus mutans load among Indian children with cerebral palsy.

The motor impairments of cerebral palsy (CP) are typically accompanied by subsequent musculoskeletal issues, seizures, and abnormalities of sensation, intelligence, communication, and behaviour. These kids have a lower capacity for regulating oral health because of their poor voluntary movements. Poor oral hygiene brought on by insufficient brushing and flossing, increased use of sugary foods, and orally administered drugs puts people at risk for periodontal disorders and dental caries. Poor dental health and rising therapy demands establish a sadistic cycle that affects patient overall health and wellbeing. The purpose of this investigation was comparing kids with CP against healthy kids of comparable age group and demographic situation in order to evaluate status of oral heath, current caries behavior using measurement of Streptococcus mutans concentrations in saliva, and treatment required. 204 study participants were divided into two categories: Category A and category B. Both categories consisted of 102 study participants. Category A consisted of study participants having CP while category B consisted of healthy normal controls with same age of same demographic features. Malocclusion, trauma, DMFS/defs, gingival index, and Oral hygiene score (OHI), and were recorded for oral examinations of al study participants However, no radiological assistance was utilized since minimal patient compliance existed in CP patients. When compared with the control category, the CP category had a higher detection of the DMFS index in the permanent teeth. The estimated defs for the CP category did not differ noticeably from the control category. In the CP category, status of hygiene of oral cavity was discovered to be substantially subpar. In comparison to the control category, the gingival condition of the CP category was noticeably worse. Treatment requirements were seen to require greater preventative care in the control category while, stainless steel crowns, pulpectomy and extractions were needed in the CP category. S. mutans was found in high concentrations in the salivary specimens of the CP category compared to the control category, indicating active dental caries and greater probability of further development.

Sunlight-induced repair of photosystem II in moss Semibarbula orientalis under submergence stress.

Lower plants such as bryophytes often encounter submergence stress, even in low precipitation conditions. Our study aimed to understand the mechanism of submergence tolerance to withstand this frequent stress in moss (Semibarbula orientalis ) during the day and at night. These findings emphasise that light plays a crucial role in photoreactivation of PSII in S. orientalis , which indicates that light not only fuels photosynthesis but also aids in repairing the photosynthetic machinery in plants. Submergence negatively affects photosynthesis parameters such as specific and phenomenological fluxes, density of functional PSII reaction centres (RC/CS), photochemical and non-photochemical quenching (Kp and Kn), quantum yields (ϕP0 , ϕE0 , ϕD0 ), primary and secondary photochemistry, performance indices (PIcs and PIabs), etc. Excessive antenna size caused photoinhibition at the PSII acceptor side, reducing the plastoquinone pool through the formation of PSII triplets and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS-induced protein and PSII damage triggered the initiation of the repair cycle in presence of sunlight, eventually leading to the resumption of PSII activity. However, ROS production was regulated by antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. The rapid recovery of RS/CS observed specifically under sunlight conditions emphasises the vital role of light in enabling the assembly of essential units, such as the D1 protein of PSII, during stress in S. orientalis . Overall, light is instrumental in restoring the photosynthetic potential in S. orientalis growing under submergence stress. Additionally, it was observed that plants subjected to submergence stress during daylight hours rapidly recover their photosynthetic performance. However, submergence stress during the night requires a comparatively longer period for the restoration of photosynthesis in the moss S. orientalis .

Impact of mercury on photosynthetic performance of Lemna minor: a chlorophyll fluorescence analysis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in detecting the effects of mercury (Hg) treatment in duckweed species Lemna minor. The results showed that Hg treatment (ranging from 0.0 to 0.4 µM) significantly impacted the plant's photosynthetic ability, with a decrease in variable chlorophyll fluorescence, energy fluxes, density of reaction centers, and performance index. Complete inhibition of electron transport was observed in plants treated with high Hg concentrations, and the quantum yield of primary photochemistry and the ratio of dissipated energy to absorption both decreased with increasing Hg concentrations. Performance Index (PI) was significantly affected by the Hg concentrations, reaching zero in plants treated with the highest Hg concentration. Overall, JIP analysis was found to be an effective tool for detecting deleterious effects of Hg in plants.

A comprehensive review on triple R eco-management strategies to reduce, reuse and recycle of hazardous cigarette butts.

Cigarettes are the globally consumed product that contributes to public health problems and is the source of the most prevalent form of litter in the world, Cigarette butts. Cigarette butts are a major source 4000 toxic chemicals, affecting the health of wildlife, humans, and the environment and their decomposition can take years due to the resistance of cellulose acetate to bacterial and fungal degradation. In 2016, the world production of cigarettes exceeded 5.7 trillion, with the majority of them consisting of cellulose acetate filters. Consequently, a massive amount of hazardous waste leaches out in the environment. Incineration and landfilling are methods of disposal, but they can result in the emission of harmful fumes and be costly. To combat this environmental issue, researchers have explored the recycling of cigarette butts in various materials, including asphalt concrete, fired clay bricks, and as a carbon source, among others. Various approaches can be used to reduce cigarette butts pollution, but efficient collection logistics by consumers remains a crucial factor for successful recycling. This paper provides innovative solutions to mitigate the cigarette butts litter problem and the feasibility of recycling methods. Despite recent progress in cigarette butts recycling solutions, there is still much room for research in this area.

Effects of malachite green on biochemistry and photosystem II photochemistry of Eichhornia crassipes.

Malachite green (MG) is a common synthetic dye that raises environmental concerns. This study reveals that MG has inhibitory effects on the biochemistry and physiology of Eichhornia crassipes . Effects of different concentrations of MG on ROS-scavenging enzymes, α-amylase, proline, chlorophyll pigments, and various photosynthetic parameters of E. crassipes were investigated. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis coupled with the JIP test showed the inhibitory effects of MG on biochemistry and photosynthetic potential depended on concentration and time. Up to 2days of MG exposure, α-amylase and proline were upregulated with increasing MG concentration. When exposure time and concentration increased, all the parameters initially increased, then sharply declined. Chlorophyll content decreased with exposure time and concentration. Due to the slowing down of electron transport on the donor side brought on by MG exposure, P680+ builds up. According to an analysis of E. crassipes PSII activity, exposure to MG raises the proportion of inactive PSII reaction centres and active PSII centres. After increasing the exposure period (2, 4, and 6days) and MG concentration (50, 100, 150, and 200mgL-1 ), it decreased the absorption efficiency electron transport potential, maximal quantum yield of primary photochemistry, and the quantum yield of electron transport. These modifications led to a decline in the entire photosynthesis performance. The current research suggests that MG has detrimental effects on plants; therefore, the need for stringent regulations to prevent the release of dye-containing effluents into aquatic environments.

Cigarette: an unsung anthropogenic evil in the environment.

The world's population is growing steadily, and this trend is mirrored by a sharp rise in the number of people who smoke cigarettes. Instead of properly disposing of their cigarette waste, most people simply toss them aside, leading to serious environmental consequences. According to previous statistics, in 2012 alone, 6.25 trillion cigarettes were consumed by 967 million chain smokers. Past studies have shown that up to 30% of global litter is made up of cigarette waste. These discarded cigarette butts are non-biodegradable and contain over 7000 toxicants such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene, nitrosamine ketone, N-Nitrosonornicotine, nicotine, formaldehyde, acrolein, ammonia, aniline, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and various heavy metals. These toxicants have a negative impact on the habitats of wildlife and can cause serious health problems such as cancer, respiratory disorders, cardiac issues, and sexual dysfunction. Although it is still unclear how littered cigarettes affect plant growth, germination, and development, it is clear that they have the potential to harm plant health. Just like single-use plastic, trashed cigarette butts are a critical new rising form of pollution that requires scientific attention for effective recycling and disposal management. It is important to properly dispose of cigarette waste to protect the environment and wildlife, as well as to prevent harm to human health.

Effect of different waterlogging periods on biochemistry, growth, and chlorophyll a fluorescence of Arachis hypogaea L.

Peanut is among the main oil crops in India with huge economic importance. The unpredictable rainy season during the growing time of peanuts causes waterlogging in peanut fields. Waterlogging triggers major environmental limitations that negatively affect the growth, physiology, and development of peanuts. Thus, the export and production of peanuts are severely affected by waterlogging. Therefore, the understanding of metabolic mechanisms under waterlogging is important to future water-stress tolerance breeding in peanuts. This study aimed to evaluate how peanuts responded to various waterlogging conditions in terms of their development, metabolic processes, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics. The evaluations were carried out at different stages of peanut variety DH-86 treated with waterlogging. The peanut plants were subjected to different waterlogging periods of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 days. The growth parameters including total dry mass, total leaf area, and total leaves number were calculated in all treatments. The phenomenological and specific energy fluxes and maximum photosystem II efficiency (FV/Fm) were also determined. The measurements were done statistically using PCA, G-Means clustering, and correlation analysis to explore the interaction between different physiological parameters. The waterlogging for 100 days caused a significant reduction in the total number of leaves, dry mass, and total leaf area. The most sensitive parameters are specific and phenomenological energy fluxes and Fv/Fm, which notably decreased as waterlogging duration increased. The results indicated the growth and physiological performance of the peanut cv. DH-86 was affected significantly due to waterlogging and the interaction between all these parameters in waterlogging. This research focused on how peanuts respond to waterlogging stress and provides the basis for future plant breeding efforts to improve peanut waterlogging tolerance, especially in rainy regions. This will improve the sustainability of the entire peanut industry.

N-O Bond Activation by Energy Transfer Photocatalysis.

A radical shift toward energy transfer photocatalysis from electron transfer photocatalysis under visible-light photoirradiation is often due to the greener prospects of atom and process economy. Recent advances in energy transfer photocatalysis embrace unique strategies for direct small-molecule activation and sometimes extraordinary chemical bond formation in the absence of additional/sacrificial reagents. Selective energy transfer photocatalysis requires careful selection of substrates and photocatalysts for a perfect match with respect to their triplet energies while having incompatible redox potentials to prevent competitive electron transfer pathways. Substrates containing labile N-O bonds are potential targets for generating reactive key intermediates via photocatalysis to access a variety of functionalized molecules. Typically, the differential electron densities of N and O heteroatoms have been exploited for generation of either N- or O-centered radical intermediates from the functionalized substrates by the electron transfer pathway. However, the latest developments involve direct N-O bond homolysis via energy transfer to generate both N- and O-centered radicals for their subsequent utilization in diverse organic transformations, also in the absence of sacrificial redox reagents. In this Account, we highlight our key contributions in the field of N-O bond activation via energy transfer photocatalysis to generate reactive radical intermediates, with coverage of useful mechanistic insights. More specifically, well-designed N-O bond-containing substrates such as 1,2,4-oxadiazolines, oxime esters, N-indolyl carbonates, and N-enoxybenzotriazoles were successfully utilized in versatile transformations involving selective energy transfer over electron transfer from photocatalysts with high triplet state energy. Direct access to reactive N-, O-, and C-centered (if decarboxylation follows) radical intermediates was achieved for diverse cross-couplings and rearrangement processes. In particular, a variety of open-shell nitrogen reactive intermediates, including N(sp2) and N(sp3) radicals and nitrenes, have been utilized. Notably, diversified transformations of identical substrates have been achieved through careful control of the reaction conditions. 1,2,4-Oxadiazolines were converted into spiro-azolactams through iminyl intermediates in the presence of 1O2, benzimidazoles, or sulfoximines with external sulfoxide reagent through triplet nitrene intermediates under inert conditions. Besides, oxime esters underwent either intramolecular C(sp3)-N radical-radical coupling or intermolecular C(sp3)-N radical-radical coupling by a combined energy transfer-hydrogen atom transfer strategy. Furthermore, a series of electrochemical and photophysical experiments as well as computational studies were performed to substantiate the proposed selective energy-transfer-driven reaction pathways. We hope that this Account will serve as a guide for the rational design of selective energy transfer processes through the activation of further labile chemical bonds.

Performance of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in Lemna minor under heavy metal stress induced by various concentration of copper.

The objective of the present investigation was to understand the efficacy of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis and to identify the specific photosynthetic parameters for early and rapid detection of Cu-induced HM-stress in plants. Aquatic angiosperm Lemna minor was exposed to various concentrations (0-40 µM) of Cu. We observed that the FV/FO (Efficiency of the water-splitting complex on the donor side of PSII), quantum yield for electron transport, and quantum yield of primary photochemistry were decreased however, dissipated quantum yield was increased with Cu concentration. ABS/CSM, TRO/CSM, ETO/CSM and maximum quantum yield were displayed the dose-response relationship under Cu stress. Performance indexes were increased initially due to the beneficial effects of Cu at lower concentration while decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) at highest concentration of Cu. The outcomes of the present research revealed that the ChlF analysis is very sensitive tool that can be used to determine the toxicity of heavy metals in plants.

Effect of continuous light on antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, proline and chlorophyll content in Vigna radiata L.

Longer photoperiod in form of continuous light (24-h photoperiod without dark interruption) can alter the various physiological and biochemical processes of the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of continuous light on various biochemical parameters associated with the growth and development of Vigna radiata L. (mung bean). The findings showed that leaf size and chlorophyll content of seedlings grown under continuous light were significantly greater than control plants subjected to 12h light/12h dark (12/12h). The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, 30.81%), catalase (CAT, 16.86%), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD, 12.27%), malondialdehyde, (MDA, 39.31) and proline (14.81%) were notably higher in 24/0h light period than 12/12h light period grown seedling at an early stage (on Day 6) while they were constant at the later stage of development. Increased activity of amylase and invertase reveals higher assimilation and consumption of photosynthetic products. This study revealed that plants were stressed at first. However, they gradually became acclimated to continuous light and efficiently used the excess light in carbon assimilation.

Tolerance and decolorization potential of duckweed (Lemna gibba) to C.I. Basic Green 4.

With growing human culture and industrialization, many pollutants are being introduced into aquatic ecosystems. In recent years, dyes have become a major water pollutant used in the manufacture of paints and other production purposes. In this research, the potential of duckweed (Lemna gibba) plant was investigated spectrophotometrically as an obvious bioagent for the biological decolorization of the organic dye C.I. Basic Green 4 (Malachite Green, BG4). Photosynthetic efficiency analysis showed that the photosynthetic apparatus of L. gibba is very tolerant to BG4. Significant induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes was observed after 24h of biodecolorization process in L. gibba treated with 15 and 30 mg/l BG4. The experimental results showed that L. gibba has a strong ability to extract BG4 from contaminated water and the best results were obtained at 25-30°C and pH 8.0. We conclude that duckweed L. gibba can be used as a potent decolorization organism for BG4.

Algae: Biomass to Biofuel.

Worldwide demand for ethanol alternative fuel has been emerging day by day owing to the rapid population growth and industrialization. Culturing microalgae as an alternative feedstock is anticipated to be a potentially significant approach for sustainable bioethanol biofuel production. Microalgae are abundant in nature, which grow at faster rates with a capability of storing high lipid and starch/cellulose contents inside their cells. This process offers several environmental advantages, including the effective utilization of land, good CO2 sequestration without entering into "food against fuel" dispute. This chapter focuses on the methods and processes used for the production of bioethanol biofuels from algae. Thus, it also covers significant achievements in the research and developments on algae bioethanol production, mainly including pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation of algae biomass. The processes of producing biodiesel, biogas, and hydrogen have also been discussed.

In vitro propagation and analysis of mixotrophic potential to improve survival rate of Dolichandra unguis-cati under ex vitro conditions.

An efficient and reproducible protocol for in vitro propagation of Dolichandra unguis-cati has been established for the first time from nodal segments. In order to enhance survival rate under ex vitro conditions, photosynthetic potential of in vitro grown plantlets was also studied through JIP test based analysis of polyphasic OJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence OJIP transients, density of active reaction centers, light harvesting efficiency, electron transfer rate, dissipation energy, maximum quantum yield of primary PSII photochemistry and photosynthetic performance index. The best morphogenetic in term of explants response (92.2 %), shoot number (3.43 ± 0.07) and shoot length (4.7 ± 0.31 cm) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 BAP and 1.0 mg l-1 TDZ. The shoots exhibited high frequency rhizogenesis on half strength medium augmented with 2.0 mg l-1 IAA. In vitro plantlets developed highest rate of photosynthesis on day 18 after the initiation of rhizogenesis. High survival rate (96.16%) under ex vitro conditions was observed when in vitro plantlets having high photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm > 0.75) were subjected to hardening and acclimatization process. Plantlets with reduced photosynthetic performance exhibited low survival rate under natural conditions. The developed in vitro protocol will be useful for genetic improvement and multiplication of D. unguis-cati. The results of this study also show that photosynthetic screening of in vitro developed plantlets is highly essential after the rhizogenesis process to achieve higher survival rate under field conditions.

Calix[4]amido crown functionalized visible sensors for cyanide and iodide anions.

This study comprises the design and development of calix[4] arene-amido-based ionophores by varying structural stringency and steric hindrance at the lower rim to probe the anion sensing properties. The ionophores are prepared, purified, and characterized using various analytical techniques. The molecular structure of the most active ionophore I is established by single-crystal X-ray characterisation. Out of various anions investigated, iodide and cyanide show the highest sensitivity towards the ionophores investigated. Both anions are sensitive enough to give a visibly distinct color change. The binding properties of the ionophores are established with 1H & 127I NMR, fluorescence, and UV-vis spectroscopy, revealing that three ionophores strongly interact with CN- and I-. The binding constants are calculated via Benesi-Hildebrand plots using absorption data. The time-dependent 1H NMR revealed strong hydrogen bonding between the OH and NH groups of the ionophore and cyanide anion. The 127I NMR shows the highest 27.6 ppm shift after 6 h for ionophore I. The crystal structure revealed hydrogen bonding of N-H protons of the amide pendulum and phenolic oxygen of the calix rim. The Job's plot depicted the possibility of a 1 : 1 complex of ionophores with both anions.

Chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown under artificial continuous light.

Continuous light can be used as a tool to understand the diurnal rhythm of plants and it can also be used to increase the plant production. In the present research, we aimed to investigate the photosynthetic performance of V. radiata under continuous light as compared with the plants grown under normal light duration. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP test) technique was used to understand the effect on various stages of photosynthesis and their consequences under continuous light condition. Various Chl a Fluorescence kinetic parameters such as Specific energy fluxes (per QA-reducing PSII reaction center (RC)) (ABS /RC; TR0/RC; ET0/RC; DI0/RC), phenomenological fluxes, leaf model, (ABS/CSm; TR/CSm; ETo/CSm), Quantum yields and efficiencies (φPo; φEo; Ψo) and Performance index (PIabs) was extracted and analysed in our investigation. Conclusively, our study has revealed that continuous light alters the photosynthetic performance of V. radiata at a different point but also improve plant productivity.

Copper and mercury induced oxidative stresses and antioxidant responses of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.

Duckweed is recognized as a phytoremediation aquatic plant due to the production of large biomass and a high level of tolerance in stressed conditions. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate antioxidant response and mechanism of copper and mercury tolerance of S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. To understand the changes in chlorophyll content, MDA, proline, and activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPOD) during the accumulation of Cu+2 and Hg+2, S. polyrhiza were exposed to various concentrations of Cu+2 (0.0-40 µM) and Hg+2 (0.0-0.4 µM). antioxidant activity initially indicated enhancing trend with application of 10 µM Cu+2; 0.2 µM Hg+2 (SOD), of 20 µM Cu+2; 0.2 µM Hg+2 (CAT) and of 10 µM Cu+2;0.2 µM Hg+2 (GPOD) and then decreased consistently up to 40 µM Cu+2 and 0.4 µM Hg+2. In the experiment chlorophyll and frond multiplication initially showed increasing tendency and decreased gradually with the application of increased metal concentration. Application of heavy metal has constantly enhanced proline and MDA content while the maximum increase was observed with the application of 40 µM Cu; 0.4 µM Hg for proline and MDA respectively. The upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and proline reveals that S. polyrhiza has strong biochemical strategies to deal with the heavy metal toxicity induced by the accumulation of Cu+2 and Hg+2.

Direct C(sp3)-N Radical Coupling: Photocatalytic C-H Functionalization by Unconventional Intermolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer to Aryl Radical.

An unconventional approach for intermolecular direct C(sp3)-N radical coupling has been developed by photocatalytic C(sp3)-H activation of simple alkyl substrates using O-benzoyl oximes. The selective photocatalytic energy-transfer-driven homolysis followed by decarboxylation generates the persistent iminyl radical and aryl radical, which would undergo an unprecedented intermolecular hydrogen atom abstraction from the alkyl substrate to provide the key C(sp3) radical. Selective radical-radical C-N cross-coupling furnishes imines which are valuable amine building blocks.

Satish Chandra Maheshwari (1933-2019)-a brilliant, passionate and an outstanding shining light for all of plant biology.

We present here a tribute to Satish Chandra Maheshwari (known to many as SCM, or simply Satish), one of the greatest plant biologists of our time. He was born on October 4, 1933, in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, and passed away in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, on June 12, 2019. He is survived by two of his younger sisters (Sushila Narsimhan and Saubhagya Agrawal), a large number of friends and students from around the world. He has not only been the discoverer of pollen haploids in plants but has also contributed immensely to the field of duckweed research and gene regulation. In addition, he has made discoveries in the area of phytochrome research. The scientific community will always remember him as an extremely dedicated teacher and a passionate researcher; and for his wonderful contributions in the field of Plant Biology. See Sopory and Maheshwari (2001) for a perspective on the beginnings of Plant Molecular Biology in India; and see Raghuram (2002a, b) for the growth and contributions of this field in India.

Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs employing Terminalia arjuna leaf extract and its efficacy towards catalytic degradation of organic dyes.

In the present work, we demonstrated the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by highly stable, economic and eco-friendly method using leaf extract of Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna) and employing as a catalyst for the degradation of methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), congo red (CR) and 4- nitrophenol (4-NP). The biosynthesis of AgNPs was visually validated through the appearance of reddish-brown color and further confirmed by the UV-spectra at 418 nm. The TEM and FE-SEM studies revealed the spherical shape of particles with size ranged between 10-50 nm. Face centered cubic crystalline nature of AgNPs was proved by XRD analysis. The negative value of zeta potential (-21.7) indicated the stability of AgNPs and elemental composition was confirmed by EDS. FT-IR analysis revealed the functional groups present in the plant extract trigger the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The AgNPs exhibited strong degradation of MO (86.68%), MB (93.60%), CR (92.20%) and 4NP (88.80%) by completing the reduction reaction within 20 min. The reaction kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order and displayed k-values (rate constant) 0.166 min-1, 0.138 min-1, 0.182 min-1 and 0.142 min-1 for MO, MB, CR and 4-NP respectively. This study showed an efficient, feasible and reproducible method for the biosynthesis of eco-friendly, cheap and long-time stable AgNPs and their application as potent catalysts against the degradation of hazardous dyes.